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Introduction
References
- Via Gabina, Site 10 Villa
I. Lamps
II.
Terracottas
III.
Architectural Terracottas
IV.
Contexts of Lamps and Terracottas
Via Gabina, Site 11 Villa
I. Lamps
II.
Contexts of Lamps
Inscriptions and Marks
I. Maker
Names
II.
Maker Initials
III. Maker
Stamps
IV. Mouldmarks Introduction Via Gabina,
Site 10 Villa
Some eight hundred and nine lamps
and lamp fragments were found during the excavations in the Roman villa designated
Via Gabina 10. Of these only one was an import from outside Italy, a Corinthian
lamp of the mid-second to mid-third century AD (Lamp 187). Two others (93-4)
came from the Po valley, but all the rest were very likely to have been made
in Rome or its immediate neighbourhood.
The lamps in the catalogue are divided
for convenience into 17 groups, mainly based on types. The typologies used are
various, most lamps falling into one or other of those devised by Heinrich Dressel
(1899), Siegfried Loeschcke (1919), Oscar Broneer (1930) and Donald Bailey (1980):
there is no point in producing a new typology for the Via Gabina lamps. The
long-lived Loeschcke Type VIII, group 16, is divided into sub-groups. It has
not always been possible to accurately place some fragments within the volute-lamp
sequence, groups 3-7. Eight of the lamps are wheelmade (group 1) and the remainder
were manufactured from moulds. The Shoulder-forms quoted in the catalogue entries
are those of Loeschcke 1919, p. 25.
The groups can be tabulated as follows:
In general (and bearing in mind that
there are overlaps) 78 lamps were found that relate to the villa's existence
from about 180 BC until the end of the reign of Augustus (but nothing need be
as early as the second century BC and most are 70 BC or later); the first century
AD has yielded some 306 lamps; the late first century to the late second century
has produced almost as many, 291 lamps; and 134 lamps are of the mid-second
century to the mid-third century: many of these 134 are probably early rather
than late. Thus, a few lamps were used during the century starting about 180
BC, but there is high lamp-usage from about 70 BC and especially so during the
entire first and second centuries AD, less so in the first half of the third
century and nothing was found that is later than about AD 250. All the terracottas catalogued here
came from Via Gabina 10 and none from Via Gabina 11. Mostly very fragmentary,
they include a few figurines of men and women, a dramatic mask, an eye, possibly
votive, a small head, possibly Bacchic, and parts of a money-box and a feeding-bottle.
The feeding-bottle is late Republican or Augustan, but the other objects are
not easily datable, although none is likely to be later than about AD 150. Also
included are a few architectural terracottas, none of which can be dated. Via Gabina,
Site 11 Villa
Considerably fewer lamps came from Via Gabina 11 than from Via Gabina 10 and
they were much more fragmentary: no complete or almost complete lamps were found.
One hundred and twenty-one fragments are included in the catalogue. There are
no imports and all are likely to be central Italian, from Rome or its vicinity.
They are, as for Via Gabina 10, divided into convenient groups, by typology
and chronology, which can tabulated as follows:
Twenty-four lamps relate to the first
two centuries of the villa's existence (although the lamps do not necessarily
provide evidence for the second century BC), but most of these belong to the
period from about 70 BC to the end of the reign of Augustus. The first century
to the early second produced some forty-four lamps and fifty-three lamps are
of the second century AD: there are overlaps with both these figures. Nothing
need be later than about AD 190. This report on the lamps from Villas
10 and 11 on the Via Gabina and on the terracottas from Villa 10 was written
and submitted in November 1993: no updating has been attempted.
Via Gabina,
Site 10 Villa: The Lamps
WHEELMADE LAMPS
'Esquiline' Lamps
The eight lamps in this group, with their splayed nozzles, deep bodies, applied
handles and turned bases, although not sharply carinated, fall into Pavolini's
tipo biconico 'dell'Esquilino', which probably started production at
Rome in the third century BC, but whose main date-range is between about 180
and 50 BC (Pavolini 1981, pp 144-9). The fabrics vary from buff to pink to red,
except for 8, which has been fired in a reducing atmosphere and is grey. All
except 7 are coated with a black glaze; where the base survives it is reserved.
The nozzle fragment 7 differs from the others in that the fabric is noticeably
micaceous and it has no glaze; it is also stamped with the letter S.
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| 1. G 10/87 Y 21 N
(2) SF no. 87.29
L 5.4 cm
-
Nozzle, body and base fr.
Splayed nozzle. Buff clay; black glaze overall, except on base; runs
inside.
Fig. 1; Pl. 1
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2. Number lost.
L 6.3 cm
-
Nozzle, body and base fr.
Splayed nozzle. Pink clay; black glaze overall, except on base; runs
under base.
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Fig. 2; Pl. 2
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3. G 10/80 2818 E
(18) CUN 183
L 5.1 cm
-
Nozzle fr., near last.
Pinkish-buff clay; black glaze overall, with runs inside.
Pl. 3
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4. G 10/84 W 20 N
(12) SF no. 84.20
L 3.8 cm
-
Rear body fr., with part
of applied handle. Pink clay; black glaze on exterior.
Pl. 4
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5. G 10/89 U 15 North
E (3)
L 2.5 cm
-
Body and rim fr., with
spring of nozzle. Pink clay; black glaze on exterior, with runs inside.
Fig. 3; Pl. 5
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6. G 10/87 T18 C
(1)
L 3.9 cm
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Upper body and rim fr.
Pink clay; black glaze on exterior, with runs inside.
Fig. 4; Pl. 6
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7. G 10/87 Z21-22
R (4)
L 4.2 cm
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Nozzle fr., splayed; relief
S within circular stamp on top behind wick-hole. Micaceous
red clay; unslipped.
Fig. 5; Pl. 7
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8. G 10/87 Z21-22
R (3)(4)
W 3.0 cm
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Nozzle fr. with a rounded
tip. Grey clay; gray-black glaze overall.
Pl. 8
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MOULDMADE
LAMPS Dressel
Types 1 to 4 and Variants
Amongst the earliest mouldmade lamps produced in central Italy are those classified
by Dressel (1899) as his Types 1 to 4, most of which have characteristics of
earlier wheelmade lamps from the same area, such as splayed nozzles and applied
handles. Only one fragment (9) of a Dressel Type 1 lamp was found: these often
have two or even more rounded nozzles and, unlike the bulk of Dressel Type 2-4
lamps, are normally in a reduced fabric with a grey clay and black slip. Dressel
Type 2 lamps (Warzenlampen) have an unpierced lug on the left side and
rows of raised points on the shoulder and sometimes on the underbody; most of
the fourteen examples found (10-12) are in buff or pink clays with red or orange
slips, but a few are reduced. Lamp 13, with rays on its shoulder, is probably
a Dressel Type 2/3 variant. Dressel Type 3 lamps can be deep and narrow or shallow
and wide, but all have a narrower shoulder and a wider discus than lamps of
Dressel Type 2, and this discus is often decorated; they also have a lug on
each side of the body. Fabrics are much as Dressel Type 2 lamps. Fourteen fragments
of the narrower form of Dressel Type 3 lamps were found (14-15) and twenty of
the wider shape (16-26). Discus decorations include a beggar, unidentified human
figures and animals, a warship, rosettes, ovules and scallop-shells. The base-fragments
23-6 have inscriptions within them, only the initial N of 24 being complete.
Lamp 27 differs from the main run of Dressel Type 3 lamps in having a channel
between the nozzle and the discus; it has a wreath on the discus and the letters
P and F within the base. Only one fragment (28) of a Vogelkopflampe of
Dressel Type 4 was found. There are eleven fragments that cannot be placed with
certainty within Dressel Types 1 to 4 (29). and seven examples (30-31) that
are transitional between Dressel Type 3 and Loeschcke Type I. Pavolini (1981,
pp 161-6) has brought together the necessary information on lamps of Dressel
Types 1-4 to enable the distribution and dating of these types to be determined
with little or no doubt. The seventy lamps of Dressel Types 1 to 4 found at
Via Gabina 10 date between about 70 BC and AD 15.
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9. G 10/87 Z21-22
R (2) SF no 87.59
L 5.8 cm
-
Discus and shoulder fr.
of a Dressel Type I lamp with two or more nozzles. Small plain discus;
ivy berries on shoulder. Grey clay; black slip. Compare Bailey i,
Q 730.
Pl. 9
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10. G 10/87 AA SF
no. 19.20 R (3
L 4.9 cm
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Rear fr. of a Dressel Type
2 Warzenlampe, with applied handle. Raised ring on discus;
raised points on shoulder. Pinkish-buff clay; red slip.
Pl. 10
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11. G 10/87 Z21-22
R (3)
L 5.4 cm
-
Nozzle fr. of a Dressel
Type 2 Warzenlampe. Buff clay; red slip.
Pl. 11
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12. G 10/80 F12 S
(2)
G 10/80 X 18 (1) SF no. 80.10 (2 examples)
G 10/80 BB 9 G (3) SF no. 80.113
G 10/80 BB 9 G (4) SF no. 80.230
G 10/80 BB 12 M (9) SF no. 80.177
G 10/80 BB 12 O (32) SF no. 80.140
G 10/83 EE 22 C (25) SF no. 83.169
G 10/85 Y 23 P (2) 160
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (3)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (4)
G 10/88 W 15 A (4)
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Plus 12 frr
of Dressel Type 2 Warzenlampen, bases, shoulders and nozzles,
in buff, pink and grey clays, with red, orange, grey and black slips,
from Contexts.
Pl. 12
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13. G 10/86 Y 23
V (15) BRC 189 A
L 3.3 cm
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Shoulder and lug fr. of
a Dressel Type 2/3 lamp. Rays on sloping shoulder. Buff clay; red-brown
slip.
Pl. 13
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14. G 10/86 BB 18
E (18) CUN 183
L 5.3 cm
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Left side, discus, lug
and raised base fr. of a deep and narrow form of a Dressel Type 3
lamp: ivy rosette on discus.
Pl. 14
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15. G 10/80 BB 9
G (6) SF no. 80.272, decorated with rosettes, ovules and scallops
G 10/80 BB 9 N (5) SF no. 80.141
G 10/81 AA 13 B (3) SF no. 81.203
G 10/84 BB 18 33(10)
G 10/86 Y 23 189 (10) P.rec.V BRC
G 10/87 Y 21 N (10)
G 10/88 BB 18 C (7) 162
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Plus 7 frr of Dressel
Type 3 lamps as 14 above, in buff and pink clays, in red, brown
and unslipped fabrics, from Contexts.
G
10/81 AA 16 A (3) SF no. 81.116
G 10/84 CC 18 C (16); G 10/86 723
P
G 10/86 AA 24 A (3)
G 10/87 AA 19/20 55 (4) SF no. 97.31
G 10/88 W 15 Y (4)
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Plus 6 frr
(not illustrated) of Dressel Type 3 lamp as 14 above, from
Contexts.
- Pl. 15
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16. G 10/80 BB9 G
(4) SF no. 80.175
W 7.0 cm
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Discus fr. of a Dressel
Type 3 lamp, wide and shallow form. Seated beggar with bowl. Dark
buff clay; black to brown slip. For the wide form, compare Bailey
i, Q 735-41.
Pl. 16
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17. G 10/87 Z21-22
R (4) SF no. 87.98
W 4.5 cm
-
Discus fr. as 16
above: warship. Pink clay; red slip. For the figure-type, compare
Dressel 1899, pl. III, 3, from Rome.
Pl. 17
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18. G 10/86 BB 18
E (14); BB 18 E (14) CUN 183
L 7.5 cm
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Joining frr as 16
above: rosette on discus; air-hole. Brown clay and slip (burnt).
Pl. 18
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19. G 10/84 EE27
(1) SF no. 84.207
L 3.0 cm
-
Discus fr. as 16
above: two human legs on base-line. Light brown clay; no slip
Pl. 19
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20. G 10/86 BB 18
D surface
L 2.2 cm
-
Discus fr. as 16
above: uncertain scene. Buff clay; brown slip.
Pl. 20
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21. AA 13 Unstrat.
L 2.3 cm
-
Discus fr. as 16
above: animal to left, rear legs and tail only surviving. Buff clay;
black slip.<
Pl. 21
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22. G 10/80 BB 12
S (2) SF no. 80.204
L 4.4 cm
-
Discus fr. as 16
above: wings of bird or minor deity.
Buff clay, unslipped.
Pl. 22
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23. G 10/87 Z 21/22
R (4) SF no. 87.94
L 7.9 cm
-
Base-ring fr. as 16
above, with incuse name: ]INCI (?). Buff clay, unslipped.
Fig. 6; Pl. 23
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24. G 10/87 Y 21
N (10)
L 6.4 cm
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Base-ring fr. as last,
with incuse letter: N. Buff clay, unslipped.
Fig. 7; Pl. 24
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25. G 10/86 Y 21/23
S (3)
L 2.7 cm
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Base-ring fr. as last,
with uncertain incuse letter, perhaps P_, but possibly A_
(perhaps AMIL). Buff clay, unslipped.
Fig. 8; Pl. 25
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26. G 10/80 BB 9
Ca (1) SF no. 80.213
L 3.2 cm
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Flat base fr., probably
as 16 above, with incuse letter: C[.
Buff clay, unslipped.
Plus 9 frr
of lamps (not illustrated) similar to 16 above, in buff and
grey clays, of red, brown, black and unslipped fabrics, from Contexts
G
10/78 N 15 I (1) SF no. 78.24
G 10/79 P 12 J (6) SF no. 79.17
G 10/80 BB 9 G (1)
G 10/80 BB 9 G (4) SF no. 80.229
G 10/81 EE 23 (2) SF no. 81.83
G 10/85 EE 24 (1)
G 10/86 Y 21 S (8)
G 10/86 Y 23 V (15) BRC 184 A
(from same lamp)
G 10/87 Y 21 N (10)
G 10/89 AA13 A (3).
- Fig. 9; Pl. 26
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27. G 10/87 Z 21/22
R (2) + R (2) SF no. 87.67 + R (3) + R (3) SF no. 87.75
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Five frr, joined as three
non-joining sherds, of a lamp near Dressel Type 3, with nozzle- channel;
two side lugs; wreath on discus; base-ring with incuse letters P
and F and five small circles.
Buff clay; red slip.
Fig. 10; Pl. 27a, 27b
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28. G 10/89 AA 12
A (3)
L 2.1 cm
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Right front fr. of Early
Vogelkopflampe of Dressel Type 4.
Buff clay; brown slip.
Pl. 28
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29.
-
Plus 10 side-lugs
from various Late Republican lamps, in buff and grey clays, of red,
black and unslipped fabrics (6 illustrated), from Contexts
G
10/80 BB 9 G (1) SF no. 80.213
G 10/80 BB 9 G (5) SF no. 80.232
G 10/82 GG 27 A (2) SF no. 82.359
G 10/87 Z 21 /22 R (2)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (3) (3 examples)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (4)
G 10/87 AA 19/20 S (4)
G 10/89 BB 18 33(c)
Plus applied
handle from a lamp (not illustrated) of Dressel Types 1-4, from Context
G 10/87 AA SF no. 19.20 S (2)
184
- Pl. 29
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30. G 10/80 BB 9
G (2) SF no. 80.170
L 6.3 cm
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Front right fr. of a lamp
transitional between Dressel Type 3 and Loeschcke Type I. Air- hole.
Buff clay; red slip.
Pl. 30
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31.
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Plus 6 frr
(5 nozzles) of lamps similar to 30 above, in buff clays, unslipped,
from Contexts
G
10/84 BB 2 J East (5) DOL 332
G 10/86 Y 21 S (8)
G 10/87 Y 21 N (10)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (3) (2 examples)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (4)
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Pl. 31
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Loeschcke
Type I
Loeschcke
Type IA with nozzle-channel
Lamps of Loeschcke (1919) Type IA,
with and without a channel between the wick-hole and the discus, and variants
of these (Bailey 1980, Type A, groups i and ii) were originally developed in
Italy, and are of Augustan-Tiberian date: those with nozzle-channels are probably
all Augustan. Their main feature is an angled nozzle-tip, the nozzle itself
being flanked by curved features traditionally described as volutes. The clays
are all variants of the buff-coloured fabrics with red or brown slips that are
typical of Italian products of the first centuries AD Two lamps with a nozzle-channel
were found, but some of the fragments placed in the next section may have had
this feature (particularly those that have concentric circles round the filling-hole)
but it has not survived on the sherd as excavated. Only one of them has discus
decoration, an ivy-leaf on 32; it is part of a larger scene.
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32. G 10/86 Y 23
V (15) BRC 189 A
L 5.3 cm
-
Front left fr. Shoulder-form
IIa. Ivy leaf on discus.
Buff clay; dark brown slip.
Pl. 32
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33. G 10/81 BB20
South Z (7) SF no. 81.168
L 4.3 cm
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Front left fr. Plain discus.
Buff clay; dark brown slip.
Pl. 33
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Loeschcke
Type IA
Fragments of sixty-nine lamps of
Loeschcke Type IA, apparently without a nozzle-channel, were recovered. Base-rings
are more likely to be found on first-century lamps of this type than of other
types (except some large lamps of Broneer Type XXI) and such fragments have
been placed here. Lamp 39 differs from the type in having shoulder-volutes.
Discus decorations include rosettes, radiating lines and an ovule-frieze; more
figurative are the animal frieze of 34, the pair of squids on 36, a bird on
a bough on 38, and part of a wing and perhaps a gladiator's helmet-crest included
in 40. Two lamps have mouldmarks, a reversed S on 36 and a double loop on 41.
No lamps of Loeschcke Type IB (Bailey Type A, group iii) have been recognised,
although some lamp fragments placed in Loeschcke Type IV below have Shoulder-forms
that are found also on Loeschcke Type IB and some of these sherds could be of
the latter type. Lamp 51, also placed with Loeschcke Type IV, may be Loeschcke
Type IA.
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34. G 10/83 EE22
C (27) SF no. 83.194
L 5.3 cm
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Discus fr.: concentric
circles round filling-hole; animal frieze. Buff clay; red slip. Sherd
G 10/80 BB 9 G (2) SF no. 80.174 is probably from the same lamp and
is illustrated with it.
Pl. 34
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35. G 10/86 Y 21
S (13)
W 7.0 cm
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Discus, body and base-ring
fr. Near Shoulder-form I. Ovule-frieze between shoulder and concentric
rings round filling-hole. Buff clay; brown slip.
Pl. 35
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36. G 10/84 CC 23
O 17 S (4)
L 8.8 cm W 0.2 cm
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Almost complete; base-ring;
air-hole. Shoulder-form IIa. Discus: pair of squids. Reversed S
mouldmark within base. Buff clay; red-to-black streaky slip. Close,
perhaps of the same Series: Oziol 1977, pl. 11, 176, an Italian lamp
from Cyprus.
Fig. 11; Pl. 36
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37. G 10/81 BB20
South Z (8) SF no. 81.127 + SF no. 81.128
L 7.8 cm
-
Two non-joining frr. Shoulder-form
I. Discus: rosette between shoulder and concentric circles round filling-hole.
Pink-buff clay; red slip.
Pl. 37
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38. G 10/86 Y 23
D (4)
W 3.1 cm
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Discus fr.: bird on bough
(part of larger scene).
Buff clay, unslipped.
Pl. 38
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39. G 10/87 AA 19/20
South R (3)
L 5.5 cm
-
Nozzle and discus fr. of
Loeschcke Type IA variant: nozzle-volutes run into the shoulder. Buff
clay; brown slip.
Pl. 39
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40.
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Plus 14 Loeschcke
Type IA shoulder and discus frr (11 illustrated): rosettes, radiating
lines, uncertain subjects (including wing; gladiator's helmet crest?),
in buff clays, with dark brown and red slips, from Contexts
G
10/82 W 15 A (3)
G 10/82 W17 (1) SF no. 82.275
(rays)
G 10/82 BB 22 7? (rosette)
G 10/82 BB 22 B CC 22 G A (2)
SF no. 82.294
G 10/82 CC 22 A (3) SF no. 82.187 (crest)
G 10/82 CC 22 A (3) SF no. 82.256
G 10/83 U 20 E (3) SF no. 83.207
(hand?)
G 10/83 CC 19 (3) SF no. 83.14
(curved rosette)
G 10/86 BB 18 E (18) CUN 183 (wing)
G 10/86 CC 17 C (9) (drapery)
G 10/86 CC 17 C (9) SF no. 86.11
(rosette)
G 10/86 EE16 K (8) (rosette)
G 10/87 AA SF no. 19.20 R (3)
(rosette)
G 10/88 W 15 Y (3).
Plus 21
Loeschcke Type IA shoulder frr (not illustrated), in buff clays, with
dark brown and red slips, from Contexts
G
10/80 BB 12 S (2) SF no. 80.185
G 10/81 BB 20 South Z (4) SF no.
81.207
G 10/81 BB 20 south Z (6) SF no.
81.202
G 10/82 CC 22 D (4)
G 10/83 CC 16 C (15) SF no. 83.228
G 10/83 EE 22 C (22) SF no. 83.198
(with multiple base-ring)
G 10/84 U 22 (9) 009
G 10/84 BB 23 (1)
G 10/84 CC 23 (2) SF no. 84.97
G 10/85 AA 22 C (2) 151
G 10/85 EE 24 (1)
G 10/86 Y 20 C (3)
G 10/86 BB 18 E (14) CUN 183
G 10/86 CC 17 C (9)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (2)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 R (3) (2 examples)
G 10/87 AA 19/20 R (3)
G 10/88 X 16 Y (3)
G 10/89 S14 F (8)
Plus 8 Loeschcke
Type IA nozzle frr (not illustrated), in buff clays, with dark brown
and red slips, from Contexts
G
10/80 BB 9 O (4) SF no. 80.132
G 10/82 O 14 B (4) SF no. 82.334
G 10/82 CC 22 A (4)
G 10/82 CC 22 A (4) SF no. 82.213
G 10/84 CC 22 E (9) SF no. 84.39
D
G 10/87 Z21/22 R (3) (3 examples)
Plus 19
base-ring frr (not illustrated), all probably from Loeschcke Type
IA lamps, in buff clays, with dark brown and red slips, from Contexts
G
10/81 DD15 D (99) SF no. 81.219
G 10/82 X16 X (3) SF no. 82.350
G 10/82 BB 22 B CC 22 E (3) SF
no. 82.346
G 10/82 CC 22 A (4)
G 10/82 CC 195 B DD195 E (5)
G 10/83 U 20 A (2) SF no. 83.114
G 10/83 EE 22 A (1) SF no.83.128
G 10/83 EE 22 C (13) SF no. 83.115
G 10/84 V 22 Q (2)
G 10/84 DD 18 A (8) SF no. 84.49
G 10/84 EE 27 (1)
G 10/85 AA 22 D (8) SF no. 85.141
G 10/85 BB18 Ac (6)
G 10/86 Y 23 V (15) BRC 189 A
G 10/86 CC 17 C (9)
G 10/87 Z21/22 R (3)
G 10/87 Z21/22 R (4)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (3); G 10/87 no
number
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Pl. 40a, 40b
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41. G 10/82 W 15
A (4) SF no. 82.189
-
Base fr. with mouldmark
in form of a double loop. Buff clay; red slip.
Fig. 12; Pl. 41
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Loeschcke
Type IV
Lamps of this type have round-tipped
nozzles flanked by volutes (Bailey 1980 Type B). The Italian products (as here)
have a date range largely from the reign of Tiberius to the early Trajanic period,
but some may go as late as Hadrian. Most are of buff clays, with brown and red
slips. Some one hundred and two fragments were found, of which only 42 is complete. With
Shoulder-form IIIa
Some of these could be Loeschcke Type IB; a few might be Broneer Type XXI.
Human figures include the sex-show scene on 42 and the leg surviving on 47.
Animals, both mythological and mundane are found, the gryphon on 46, the horse
and hoofed animal on 50 and 48 respectively, the hunt scenes on 43-5; a wreath
decorates 49. Only 42 has a maker's mark, a plain footprint stamp.
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42. G 10/84 CC 22
(9) 010 SF no. 84.207
L 10.3 W 7.6 cm
-
Complete; raised base;
air-hole. Discus: erotic scene: dwarf entertainers. Plain footprint
stamp (not illustrated). Buff clay; red slip. Close: Bailey ii, Q
877.
Pl. 42
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43. G 10/88 W 15
A (4) SF no. 88.15
L 6.1 cm
-
Fr.: hound attacking boar
to right. Buff clay; brown slip. For the figure-type, also on an Italian
Loeschcke Type IV lamp, compare Bailey ii, Q 897.
Pl. 43
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44. G 10/80 BB 9
G (2) SF no. 80.166
W 6.4 cm
-
Fr. as last (not same Series).
Buff clay; brown slip.
Pl. 44
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45. G 10/83 EE22
C (29) SF no. 83.223
W 2.7 cm
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Fr.: boar to left. Buff
clay; red slip. For figure-type, Compare Deneauve 1969, pl. LII, 509,
an Italian Loeschcke Type IV lamp from Carthage.
Pl. 45
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46. G 10/88 BB 15
West A (4)
L 2.9 cm
-
Fr.: gryphon (?) to right,
rear legs and tail-tip surviving. Red clay and slip. For figure-type,
compare Loeschcke 1919, pl. XII, 470-71.
Pl. 46
|
 |
47. G 10/84 CC 19
A (7) 092 SF no. 84.250
L 2.6 cm
-
Fr.: leg of figure standing
to left, with drapery. Buff clay; red slip.
Pl. 47
|
 |
48. G 10/80 BB 9
E (1) SF no. 80.35
W 2.1 cm
-
Fr.: rear legs of hoofed
animal to left. Buff clay; red slip.
Pl. 48
|
 |
49. G 10/85 AA 22
C (2) SF no. 85.126
W 3.9 cm
-
Fr.: wreath. Buff clay;
red slip. For discus decoration, compare Deneauve 1969, pl. LXIII,
632, on an Italian Loeschcke Type V lamp from Carthage.
Pl. 49
|
 |
50. G 10/85 AA 22
C (2) SF no. 85.145
W 3.0 cm
-
Fr.: horse to right. Buff
clay; red slip.
Plus 54 Shoulder
frr with Shoulder-form IIIa (not illustrated), from Contexts
G
10/80 X 18 H (7) SF no. 80.76
G 10/80 X 18 R (4) SF no. 80.50
G 10/80 BB 9 G (1)
G 10/80 BB 9 G (1) SF no. 80.213
G 10/80 FF 9 G (2) SF no. 80.191
G 10/81 V 23 N (2) 81-47
G 10/81 V 23 N (2) SF no. 81.48
G 10/81 AA 16 A (3) SF no. 81.116
G 10/81 BB 20 Lower Z (8) SF no.
81.129
G 10/81 DD 15 D (4) SF no. 81.219
G 10/82 W 15 A (4) SF no. 82.394
G 10/82 W 15 A (5) 82-400
G 10/82 BB 22 C (3) 82-236
G 10/82 CC 22 A (2) SF no. 82.277
G 10/82 CC 22 A (2) SF no. 82.335
G 10/82 CC 22 A (3) SF no. 82.352
G 10/82 CC 22 A (3) SF no. 82.380
G 10/82 CC 22 D (3) SF no. 82.385
G 10/82 DD 22 A (3) SF no. 82.188
G 10/82 unstratified
G 10/83 U 20 E (3) SF no. 83.268
G 10/83 CC 18 B (13) SF no. 83.229
G 10/83 DD 11 A (6?) SF no. 83.131
G 10/83 EE 22 C (24) SF no. 83.158
G 10/83 EE 22 C (24) SF no. 83.167
G 10/84 W 20 E (4)
G 10/84 BB 23 (3)
G 10/84 BB 23 V (3)
G 10/84 DD 16 (1)
G 10/84 DD 24 P (3)
G 10/85 X 21 W (2) SF no. 85.97
G 10/85 Y 23 (1) (2 examples)
G 10/85 AA 22 C (2) SF no. 85.112
G 10/85 AA 22 D (8) 142
G 10/85 BB 18 Ac (6) SF no. 85.75
G 10/85 CC 16 V (56) (2 examples)
G 10/86 Y 23 P (5)
G 10/86 Y 23 P (6)
G 10/86 Y 23 V (10) 189
G 10/86 AA 25 (1)
G 10/86 BB 18 E (14) CUN 183
G 10/87 Z21/22 R (2) (2 examples)
G 10/87 Z21/22 R (3) (2 examples)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (4) (3 examples)
G 10/88 W 15 A (4)
G 10/88 W 15 Y (4)
G 10/89 S14 F (8) SF no. 89.13
G 10/89 U 156a E (4) joins U 156a
E (6).
-
Pl. 50
|
With
Shoulder-form V
 |
51. G 10/87 Z 21/22
R (3) SF no. 87.82
W 5.9 cm
-
Fr.: plant frieze between
concentric circles at centre and rim. Buff clay; red slip. Perhaps
Loeschcke Type IA and of Augustan date.
Plus 6 frr
(not illustrated) with Shoulder-form V, but probably post-AD 50, from
Contexts
G
10/80 SF no. 80.132
G 10/80 BB 12 S (2) SF no. 80.205
G 10/84 BB 23 V (3)
G 10/84 CC 22 (9) 009 SF no. 84.241,
with human foot
G 10/85 AA 22 D (7) SF no. 85.134,
with band of rays
G 10/87 AA SF no. 19.20 S (4)
-
Pl. 51
|
With
Shoulder-form VIIb
 |
52. G 10/80 X 18
R (4) SF no. 80.50
L 4.7 cm
-
Fr.: rosette. Buff clay;
brown slip.
-
Pl. 52
|
Loeschcke
Type IV nozzles with Shoulder-forms not surviving
None catalogued, but including
31 nozzles (not illustrated), from Contexts G 10/80 BB9 E (1) 80-139; G 10/80
BB12 S (2) 80-186; G 10/82 X16 X (3) 82-385; G 10/82 CC22 A (2) 82-317; G 10/82
CC22 A (3) 82-349; G 10/82 CC22 D (2) 82-285; G 10/83 CC22 L (8) 83-210; G 10/83
U20 E (3) 83-192; G 10/83 DD24 East B (4) 83-79; G 10/84 X16 (3) 84-310; G 10/84
BB23 (3); G 10/84 BB23 V (3); G 10/84 BB23 V (5); G 10/84 BB23 W (3); G 10/84
BB23 W (3) 84-114; G 10/84 CC22 (7) 009 84-246; G 10/84 CC22 (9) 010; G 10/84
DD20 D (4) 007; G 10/85 BB17 (4) 85-60; G 10/86 Y23 P (6); G 10/86 Y26 C (3);
G 10/87 Y21 TNK 214 (1); G 10/87 AA23 C (3); G 10/87 AA23 C (4) (5 examples);
G 10/88 W15 Y (4); G 10/89 U15 E (2); G 10/89 BB23 U (3). Broneer
Type XXI
The lamps of Broneer (1930) Type
XXI (Bailey 1980, Type D) from Via Gabina 10 are all Italian, with the buff
clays and red or brown slips that are so typical of their production area. The
lamps of this type have one or more voluted nozzles with rounded tips, like
those of Loeschcke Type IV lamps; two nozzles are more common than those with
one: three or more are rare. Above the ring-handle placed at the rear is a decorative
handle-ornament that gives aesthetic balance to the object. The Shoulder-forms
can be much the same as those used on other volute-lamps, but there are many
more variants than are found on the latter, particularly in the increased width,
amongst later products, of the outer element of the shoulder. Early examples
and large examples tend to have base-rings, but most have slightly raised bases.
Handle-ornaments are crescent-shaped (55-7) or triangular (58-9). Palmettes
decorate the triangular ornaments. Discus patterns include concentric circles,
a rosette and a myrtle-wreath. This type of lamp is fairly long-lived and was
produced in Italy from late Augustan times until well into the second century
AD Sixty-seven fragments of Broneer Type XXI lamps were found.
 |
53. G 10/83 EE 22
C (27) SF no. 83.194
L 8.4 cm
-
Single-nozzled form, left
side fr. with part of nozzle; Shoulder-form IVa; air-hole.
Grey-buff clay; red-brown
slip.
-
Pl. 53
|
 |
54. G 10/84 DD 16 A (8) SF no. 84.57
L 8.0 cm-
Shoulder fr. of large lamp;
wide, level shoulder, near Shoulder-form IVa with concentric circles
near edge of discus.
Buff clay; orange-red slip.
Plus 4 discus
frr (not illustrated), in buff clays, with red and brown slips, from
Contexts
G
10/83 CC 22 E (9) SF no. 83.251 (concentric circles)
G 10/85 X 21 S (2) 135 (rosette)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (4) (concentric circle)
G 10/87 BB 21 E (2) (myrtle-wreath)
Plus 20
shoulder and body frr (early and late forms: not illustrated), with
various Shoulder-forms, in fabrics as before, from Contexts
G 10/80 X18 I (3) SF no.
80.64
G 10/80 BB 9 G (3) 80-116
G 10/81 V 23 N (2) 81-45
G 10/82 BB 22 S CC 22 6 A (2) 82-323
G 10/82 CC 22 (1) SF no. 82.244
G 10/82 CC 22 A (3)
G 10/82 CC 22 A (3) SF no. 82.353
G 10/83 CC 22 E (9) SF no. 83.240
G 10/83 DD 29 (1)SF no. 83.55
G 10/84 W 21 L (6) SF no. 84.18
G 10/84 BB 22 A (3)
G 10/84 BB 23 U (2)
G 10/84 DD 20 D (3) SF no. 84.204
G 10/85 A 22 D (7) SF no. 85.84
G 10/85 BB 18 E (8) SF no. 85.132
G 10/86 Y 23 P (5)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (4)
G 10/87 AA 27 C (4)
G 10/87 BB 21 E (5) DRN 334
G 10/88 X 16 V (9)
-
Plus 26
nozzle frr (early and late forms: not illustrated), with various Shoulder-forms,
in fabrics as before, from Contexts
G 10/79 A2 N (9) SF no.
79.25
G 10/80 BB 12 M (6) SF no. 80.135
G 10/82 BB 22 B CC 22 E (8)
G 10/82 CC A (4) SF no. 82.22
G 10/82 DD 18 West G (8)SF no. 82.213
G 10/83 CC 18 (2) SF no. 83.182
G 10/83 CC 18 A (3) SF no. 83.217
G 10/83 EE 22 C (24) SF no. 83.13
G 10/84 BB 23 V (3)
G 10/84 BB 23 V (3) SF no. 84.173
G 10/84 BB 23 V (5) 040
G 10/84 CC 22 (9) 009
G 10/84 cleanup (1); G 10/85 PO 15 (1)
G 10/85 Y 23 P (2) SF no. 85.133
G 10/85 AA 22 C (2) SF no. 85.119
G 10/85 AA 22 C (2) SF no. 85.121
G 10/86 Y 21 S (13)
G 10/86 Y 23 V (15) BRC 189A
G 10/86 BB 18 E (18) CUN 183
G 10/87 W 20 L (1)
G 10/87 Z 21/22 E (3)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (3)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (4) (2 examples)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (4) SF no. 87.26
-
- Plus 4 base
frr (not illustrated) in fabrics as before, from Contexts
G 10/83 U20 E (3) SF no. 83.267
G 10/83 EE 22 C (30) SF no. 83.236
G 10/85 DD 15 K (6)
G 10/87 AA 23 C (3)
-
Pl. 54
|
 |
55. G 10/85 EE 16 (7) SF no. 85.89
W 4.6 cm-
Crescent-shaped handle-ornament.
Buff clay; brown slip. Compare Bailey ii, pl. 34.
-
Pl. 55
|
 |
56. G 10/82 DD 22 Z (2) SF no. 82.222.
W 4.1 cm-
Crescent-shaped handle-ornament.
Buff clay; brown slip.
-
Pl. 56
|
 |
57. G 10/87 AA 23 C (4) SF no. 87.15
W 4.0 cm-
Crescent-shaped handle-ornament.
Buff clay; red-brown slip.
-
Pl. 57
|
 |
58. G 10/85 AA 22 C (2) SF no. 85.130
W 6.0 cm-
Triangular handle-ornament:
palmette.
Buff clay; red-brown slip. Compare handle-ornament of Hellmann 1987,
pl. XXII, 191.
-
Pl. 58
|
 |
59. G 10/81 V 23 N (2) SF no. 81.25
W 5.5 cm-
Triangular handle-ornament,
upper part lost: palmette.
Buff clay; red-brown slip (burnt).
- Plus 6 handle
frr (not illustrated), the ornaments lost, from similar lamps with similar
fabrics, from Contexts
G 10/83 BB 26 B (3) SF no. 83.249
G 10/84 BB 23 A (3)
G 10/84 BB 22 B CC 22 (1)
G 10/84 BB 23 V (3)
G 10/84 CC 22 (4) SF no. 84.94
G 10/85 AA 22 C (2) SF no. 85.106
G 10/86 Y 23 B (4)
- Pl.
59
|
Loeschcke
Type V Lamps of Loeschcke Type V are volute-lamps
with round-tipped nozzles, but are distinguished from Loeschcke Type IV and
Broneer Type XXI lamps in having shoulder-volutes, curving extensions of the
shoulders, rather than the double-ended volutes of the other two types. All
have ring-handles and, where they survive, slightly raised bases. Only seven
such lamps were found, four of which are of Bailey 1980, Type C, group i, with
impressed ovules or leaves on Shoulder-form VIIIb (60-62), which date from late
Claudian to Trajanic times; Lamp 63 is a miniature with a plain discus and shoulder;
and two lamps are of the large form, Bailey 1980 Type C, group v, which is Flavian
date or a little earlier (64): these have decorated shoulders, one a myrtle-wreath
in relief, the other with impressed ovules. Only 61 and 62 have a decorated
discus, the first a rosette or a scallop-shell, the other has two Lares, only
one surviving. All these lamps are of Italian manufacture, with the buff clays
and red or brown slips common in the first century AD; only 63 is unslipped.
 |
- 60. G 10/84 CC 22
E (9) SF no. 84.103
L 9.7, W 6.9 cm
-
Almost complete: nozzle
lost; ring-handle; raised circular base; air-hole. Shoulder-form VIIIb,
with impressed ovules. Plain discus.
Buff clay; red-brown slip.
-
Pl. 60
|
 |
61. G 10/85 AA 22 C (2) SF no. 85.109
L 4.8 cm-
Left front fr. Shoulder-form
VIIIb, with impressed ovules. Discus: rosette or scallop-shell.
Buff clay; red slip.
-
Pl. 61
|
 |
62. G 10/84 CC 22 (9) 009 SF no. 84.234
L 9.1 cm-
Right side fr.; raised
circular base. Shoulder-form VIIIb, with impressed leaves. Discus:
Lar (one of a pair).
Buff clay; brown slip. For figure-type, compare Bailey ii, Q 1095.
- Plus fr.
with similar shoulder-pattern to 62 (not illustrated), from Context
- G 10/82 CC 22 A (1) SF no.
82.184
-
- Pl. 62
|
Loeschcke
Type V, Miniature
| 
|
- 63. G 10/83 EE 22
C (9) SF no. 83.79
L 6.2 cm, W 3.1 cm
-
Complete; ring-handle;
raised oval base. Shoulder-form VIIb. Plain discus.
Buff clay, unslipped.
-
Pl. 63a, 63b
|
Loeschcke
Type V, Large
 |
- 64. G 10/82 EE 23
A (4) SF no. 82.195
L 5.9 cm
-
Right side fr. Wide shoulder
with myrtle-wreath in relief. Small plain discus.
Buff clay; red slip.
Plus handle-fr,
with impressed ovules on shoulder (not illustrated), from Context
G 10/84 CC22 (9) 010
-
Pl. 64
|
Base
Fragments from Volute-Lamps Inscriptions and stamps are found
on five base sherds broken from Italian first-century volute-lamps of uncertain
types.
| 
|
- 65. G 10/84 BB23
V (3) SF no. 84.173?
L 2.9 cm
-
Incised letters: I.O
or O.I. Buff clay; red-slip.
-
Fig. 13; Pl. 65
|
| 
|
66. G 10/86 AA22 F (5)
W 3.2 cm-
Incuse letters: O]PPI.
Buff clay; brown slip.
-
Fig. 14; Pl. 66
|
| 
|
67. G 10/80 BB9 G (6) SF no. 80.202
W 4.7 cm-
Incuse letters: ]VC.
Pink-buff clay; red slip.
-
Fig. 15; Pl. 67
|
| 
|
68. G 10/84 CC22 (9) 009 SF no. 84.247
W 2.9 cm-
Incuse footprint stamp.
Buff clay; red-brown slip.
-
Fig. 16; Pl. 68
|
| 
|
69. G 10/84 BB 23 V (3)
SF no. 84.172
L 2.4 cm-
Incuse stamp: concentric
circles.
Buff clay; red-brown slip.
-
Fig. 17; Pl. 69
|
Round-Bodied
Lamps with Angled Nozzle, of Bailey Type F These large and rare lamps of the
Augustan-Tiberian period were made probably only in Italy. Lamp 70 is the only
certain fragment found, but a second sherd may also be of this type.
 |
- 70. G 10/87 AA 23
C (4)
W 4.3 cm
-
Nozzle fr.
Buff clay; brown slip.
- Plus fr. possible
of the same type, not illustrated, from Context G 10/88 AA 22 (1)
- Pl. 70
|
9. Square-Bodied
Lamp of Bailey Type I Lamps with square or rectangular
bodies and only one nozzle are comparatively rare, both those of Italian manufacture
and those made elsewhere in the Empire. As one might expect, the one example
from Via Gabina 10 is Italian. The surviving fragment is very plain and bears
comparison with Bailey ii Q 1108, and was probably made during the last third
of the first century AD
 |
- 71. G 10/85 BB 18
Ac (12) SF no. 85.91
L 4.9 cm
-
Fr. with square body and
flat top; small sunken discus.
Buff clay; red slip.
-
Pl. 71
|
Pointed-Oval
Lamps of Bailey Type J Lamps of this shape, while rare,
are found in rather greater quantity than square-bodied lamps like 71 above,
and this reflected in the ten or eleven examples, all Italian, from Via Gabina
10. They were made from about AD 70 to 130. Lamp 73 is a product of the central
Italian workshop of L Munatius Threptus.
 |
- 72. G 10/87 AA 23
C (3)
L 3.9 cm
-
Left front fr.
Buff clay; red slip.
-
Pl. 72
|
| 
|
73. G 10/82 CC22 A (2) SF no. 82.285
W 3.3 cm-
Rear fr. of base, signed
M]VNTRE[PT incuse. uff clay; brown slip.
Plus 5 top
frr of similar lamps (not illustrated), in buff clays with red slips,
from Contexts
G 10/80 BB 9 G (2) SF no.
80.102
G 10/83 CC 22 E (9) SF no. 83.239
G 10/87 AA 23 C (3)G 10/87 AA 23 E (4) C
G 10/89 P10 unstrat.
Plus 4 pointed-oval
base frr (not illustrated) from similar lamps, fabrics as last, from
Contexts
G 10/85 Y 23 W 8 (5) SF
no. 85.140
G 10/85 BB 19 E (1) SF no. 85.131
G 10/87 AA 23 C (4) (2 examples, one probably part of Lamp 72
above).
-
-
Fig. 18; Pl. 73
|
Lug-Handled
Lamps of Bailey Type G This type is related to a certain
extent to lamps of Loeschcke Type V, often having shoulder-volutes, but where
the nozzle is rounded it is short, resembling the nozzles of Loeschcke Type
VIII. A Neronian-Trajanic date range is likely. Most examples have lug-handles
on the sides of the lamp and a ring handle at the rear is almost always found.
Two main variants are found amongst the Via Gabina 10 lamps, one, as described
above, with short rounded nozzles, the other having angular nozzles without
volutes. Three of the former were found and six of the latter; 79 is yet another
variant, lacking the side-handles. All are Italian, in the buff clays and red
to brown slips common to their production area. None is decorated, but 74 is
signed SVCCESSE, a central Italian workshop. Short
rounded nozzles and Shoulder-form IVa
| 
|
- 74. G 10/81 BB 22
A (4) SF no. 81.133
L 9.9 cm, W 8.4 cm
-
Almost complete: nozzle
lost; ring-handle; lug-handle on each side. Discus: plain. Raised
circular base with incuse name: SVCCESSE.
Pink-buff clay; red slip. Close: Bailey ii, Q 1097.
Plus 2 lug-handle
frr and a shoulder fr. (Not illustrated), in buff clays with red slips,
from Contexts
G 10/82 CC 22 A (2) SF
no. 82.318
G 10/84 DD 20 0 (4) SF no. 84.92
G 10/87 AA 23 C (4)
-
-
Pl. 74a, 74b
|
Voluteless
angular nozzles and Shoulder-form VIIb
 |
- 75. G 10/84 CC 22
(4) 009 SF no. 84.228
W 7.2 cm | |
|
